Physics Essay Example for Free

Physics Essay A thermometric property is a physical property that changes in a known way with temperature, and can therefore be used to measure temperature. The substance used as a thermometer must have a property that varies proportionally / linearly with temperature. [ In other words: When objects are heated or cooled, their temperatures change, along with some of their properties, these properties are known as Thermometric Properties. ] Two commonly used thermometric properties are resistance and length. 2. Water is generally used to determine the fixed point on a thermometer. The fixed points are freezing point (32oF/0oC) and boiling point (212oF/100oC). Upper fixed point is the temperature of pure water boiling at normal atmospheric pressure. Lower fixed point is the temperature of a mixture of pure ice and pure water at normal atmospheric pressure. Generally the upper and lower fixed points of a thermometer are determined with considering the freezing point and boiling point of water. In Celsius thermometer, lower fixed point is 0 ? C and upper fixed point is 100 ? C, in Fahrenheit thermometer lower fixed point is determined as 32. They need no power source. Disadvantages: If it so happens that the thermometer falls and breaks, a spill of mercury in a doctors office, school or home environment poses significant health hazards. Exposure could result in serious damage to kidneys, lungs, brain, heart and immune system. Digital Thermometers Digital thermometers use thermocouples or thermistors to sense the change in temperature and display the temperature on a digital display. There are a number of different types of digital thermometers therefore the temperature ranges vary. Advantages: Digital thermometers are easy to use. When using a digital thermometer you won’t be exposed to mercury. Disadvantages: Dead batteries are a drawback of digital thermometers. It is hard to determine how much power is left in a digital thermometers battery, which in turn makes it difficult to predict when it will die. Because they are specialized batteries, it is hard to locate replacements. And close-to-dying batteries will provide inaccurate readings. Outdoor Thermometers Outdoor thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air. Temperature ranges from -58of/-50oc to 158of/ 70oC. Advantages: Low battery consumption. High stability and accuracy. Disadvantages: If an object is considerably close to the outdoor thermometer it can influence the actual temperature of the surrounding air. Thermocouple Thermometer A thermocouple thermometer is a device for measuring temperature consisting of a pair of wires of different metals or semiconductors joined at both ends. One junction is at the temperature to be measured, the second at a fixed temperature. The electromotive force generated depends upon the temperature difference. Temperature ranges from 200oC to 2,600oC. Advantages: It is very responsive to rapidly changing temperatures due to its low thermal capacity. The low thermal capacity is due to its low mass and metals are good conductors of electricity. As the output is an electrical impulse it can be connected to a suitable electrical equipment for checking rapid or sudden temperature changes. Disadvantages: It is extremely expensive. Generates low signal which is non-linear Must be assembled with care to avoid considerable noise levels. II. Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are rare; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the materials coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. 1. Thermal Expansion of Solids Heating a solid makes it particles vibrate vigorously. As these vibrations become larger the molecules are pushed further apart and the solid expands slightly in al directions. Thermal Expansion of Liquids Like solid liquids also expand on heating. Since liquids do not have a definite shape they can have only volume expansion. Since the container containing liquid also expands with heat therefore Real Expansion = Apparent Expansion + Expansion in a liquid of liquid of Container . When a liquid is heated in a container, the container expands first and therefore the level of liquid decreases since the expansion of liquid is more than that of solid, therefore after sometime the liquid expands and its level increases. The lava lamp above illustrates the differential thermal expansion in liquids. Thermal Expansion of Gases A gas expands when heated and condenses when cooled. Charles Law predicts a four-fold decrease in the volume of a gas that is cooled from room temperature to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). If the gas inside the balloon condenses into a volatile liquid at or around 77 K, the volume change will be even larger. Removing the balloon exposes the cold balloon to higher temperatures. The resulting thermal expansion fills the balloon to its original size again. Liquid nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone is poured over a balloon. 2. Thermal Expansion Real-life applications Engine Coolant Another example of thermal expansion on the part of a liquid can be found inside the cars radiator. If the radiator is topped off with coolant on a cold day, an increase in temperature could very well cause the coolant to expand until it overflows. In the past, this produced a problem for car owners, because car engines released the excess volume of coolant onto the ground, requiring periodic replacement of the fluid. Later-model cars, however, have an overflow container to collect fluid released as a result of volume expansion. As the engine cools down again, the container returns the excess fluid to the radiator, thus, recycling it. This means that newer cars are much less prone to overheating as older cars. Combined with improvements in radiator fluid mixtures, which act as antifreeze in cold weather and coolant in hot, the recycling process has led to a significant decrease in breakdowns related to thermal expansion. Building Settlement All pipes and vessels expand and contract in direct proportion to a temperature change. Whenever pipes are routed across structural movement joints in buildings, roads, bridges etc. , they will be subjected to displacements. Expansion ;amp; building settlement products are installed to control this thermally induced expansion and contraction, and pipe movements caused by structural settlement. Pipe Solutions are able to offer technical advice or a full design, for any expansion or building movement problem. Expansion Joints are used to physically compensate for the movements of the pipework. They can be designed to suit almost any combination of working temperature, pressure and movement capability. 3. The Design of a Bimetallic Strip A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper, or in some cases brass instead of copper. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled. The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals. This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices. In some applications the bimetal strip is used in the flat form. In others, it is wrapped into a coil for compactness. The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity. The operation of the bimetallic strip relies on the different expansions rates of the two metals to temperature change ( the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the metals). One of the many uses for bimetallic strips is in electrical breakers where excessive current through the strip heats it and bends it to trip the switch to interrupt the current. Bimettalic strips are also used as thermostats.

Free College Essays - The Father/Daughter Conflict in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello: The Father/Daughter Conflict Brabantio, father of Desdemona in William Shakespeare's "Othello," is not happy that his daughter is marrying the title character. This father/daughter conflict impacts the work significantly by foreshadowing the climax, giving antagonist Iago material for his evil plot. Brabantio is a Venetian Senator with definite ideas on the subject of his daughter. He wants to choose a husband for her who he feels is of her caliber and who can provide her a good life, as well as raise the family's esteem in Venetian society. At that time, this was his right as Desdemona's father. Then, when life expectancy was short, Brabantio would have wanted a son of a rich house who could inherit the family wealth, and was only a couple years older than his daughter, so she would not be widowed or have to return to her father's dependence. Desdemona acts contrary to these plans by choosing to marry Othello who is a Moor, not a Venetian, which automatically lowers his stature. He is also an army general; he does not have a lot of money, only some prestige. In addition, he is old - he could be Desdemona's father nearly; in fact, he is Brabantio's friend. Army life would keep him (and her) out of Venice, and prevent Brabantio from seeing his daughter, or future grandchildren. Consequently, Brabantio is extremely upset when he learns that they have eloped. Brabantio's anger at Othello's "thievery" leads him to entreat the Duke and Senate to annul the marriage. It is also true that the scene involving Iago and Roderigo telling Brabantio of his daughter's eloping does much to develop the character of Iago as a meddling weasel early in the book. The scene in which Othello and Brabantio argue their cases before the Duke is the culmination of the underlying conflict between Desdemona and Brabantio. Desdemona's direct part in the saga is less important than the effects of this conflict on Othello, who emerges an honorable and lawfully wedded man after his appearance before the Senate. However, the dubious nature of the marriage is to cause conflict later in the story, as Brabantio effectively disowns Desdemona and gives fuel to the gossip machine. Several times the fact that Othello stole Desdemona is given as proof that she can be stolen from him.

Ethics †Terms to know Essay

Worldview–The way the world is seen & made sense of; framework of individual understanding. e.g. Deism – God abandoned creation Nihilism – Reality has no value; traditional values unfounded Existentialism – Life has no meaning but what we give it Eastern Pantheism – Polytheism, i.e. Hinduism Naturalism – Secular humanism / modernism; God is irrelevant–nothing exists but natural world New Age Pantheism – All is one; no distinction between plants, people; all are God Judeo-Christianity – There is only one God who created universe; God is involved w/ creation Post Modernism – God is dead; truth is a social construct; relativism prevails Ethics–The explicit, philosophical reflection on moral beliefs and practices. (The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music). Descriptive Ethics–Stating actual moral beliefs. Normative Ethics–Study of what is really right or wrong. Metaethics–Study about field of Ethics. Metaethics Theories Objectivism–There are correct and incorrect answers. Subjectivism–There are no correct or incorrect answers. Absolutism–All moral rules hold without exception–there is only one truth; opposite of relativism, contrasts with consequentialism. Rights–Justified claims upon other(s) for actions or non-actions. Negative Obligation (Right)–An obligation to refrain from something or entitlements to do something without interference from other people. See also autonomy. Positive Obligation (Right)–An obligation to perform / provide, etc., or entitlements that obligate others to do something positive to assist you. In rem–Universal rights (obligations fall on all moral agents). In personam–Restricted rights (obligations fall on selected individuals). General Obligations–moral requirements of all moral beings. Role-related Obligations–moral requirements of specific roles, e.g. MD, priest, etc. Strong Paternalism–Forced acts of beneficence on person able to decide. Weak Paternalism–Forced acts of beneficence on person unable to decide. Negative Paternalism–Refraining from doing something to/for someone. 4 Main Ethical Principles / Values Nonmaleficence–Do no harm; (Primum non nocere – first, do no harm); a negative right. Beneficence–Do good; promoting the welfare of others; actively avoiding harm; a positive right. Autonomy–Non-interference with other’s choices and freedom to make choices / self determination. Justice / Social Justice–Equal treatment for all. Ethical Systems Theories (*Related concepts) *Consequentialism–The end justifies the means; the rightness or wrongness of any action depends on its consequences. *Utilitarianism (act)–To act in a beneficial way based strictly on the good consequences for the most people; case-by-case analysis of each act. *Utilitarianism (rule)– To act in a beneficial way (with good consequences for the most people) based on moral rules; categorical imperative? Deontologism–It’s not whether you win or lose, it’s how you play the game; some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences; contrasts with consequentialism. Relativism–it all depends–all points of view are equally valid. Also: When in Rome, do as the Romans do (cultural relativism). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder (personal relativism). *Doctrine of Double Effect–intention is everything; concerns only intended means or ends, not actual means or ends even if predictable (i.e. chemo side-F/Xs). Patient Relationship Models Engineering Model–Just the facts, ma’am; healthcare professionals as scientists presenting facts–patients make decisions based on these facts. Paternalistic Model–Do what I say; decisions are made by healthcare professionals. Contractual Model–Let’s make a deal; healthcare professionals give information–assist patients in decision-making by making recommendations. Confidentiality–Not divulging information which another has revealed on condition of secrecy; patient’s right to privacy (of information). Deontological Argument for the Obligation of Confidentiality–Respecting confidentiality respects patient autonomy. Consequentialistic Argument for the Obligation of Confidentiality–Respecting confidentiality protects and promotes well-being of patients. 3 Accepted Exceptions for Divulging a Patient Confidence–Patient not competent, required by law, protect public interest. Truth Telling (Veracity)–Obligation to tell the truth. Consequentialistic Case for Telling and Withholding the Truth–Do what will most benefit/least harm patient; truth-telling / withholding truth context dependent. 3 (actually 4) Possible Exceptions to the Truth-Telling Rule–Family request, patient request, for the good of others (less so now), avoiding disastrous consequences (extreme cases). 5 Elements of Informed Consent–Competence, information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and authorization.

Academic Writing. A Handbook for International Students in Short

Academic writing can be pretty scary to foreign students learning at middle colleges and universities. And true, all courses carry expansive written assessments; this implies exceptional writing skills are mandatory. Academic Writing is a new-approach writing course for all international students whose coursework and exams are written in English. It is a practical text detailing all the writing processes and skills. Academic Writing is clearly organized into four sections, allowing both teachers and students to make quick reference for all writing tasks. The four parts are split into short sections having explanations, diagrams and practice exercises, suitable for classroom use or self-study. The first part deals with the writing process including writing foundations, reading and note making and the writing stages. It guides the students from the initial stage of interpreting the writing task right to transforming the writing problem to a final comprehensive essay.  The section tackles delicate issues like how to avoid plagiarism and even subtle ones like Evaluating texts and selecting key points. It deals with fastidious essay planning, from organizing paragraphs to writing introductions and from crafting conclusions to rewriting and proof-reading. The section also deals with note-making, paraphrasing, summary writing and combining sources. The second section of Academic Writing covers elements of writing. These are the skills that are needed for most academic writing assignments, such as making comparisons, giving examples and opening paragraphs. Some of the tasks that send student writers grinning, like cohesion, definitions of terms, making References and Quotations are also carefully handled here. This section builds from the first one as it digs deeper into the intricate contents of the writing sections dealt with in the latter. The part also introduces style, which gives the writer a unique identity. Elusive skills like sentence variation in sentence length and handling visual devices such as graphs and tables are well illustrated in this section. Accuracy in writing comes third, giving remedial practice in those areas that writing students mostly find confusing. These include the use of articles, passives or prepositions. For many students, this part will make the most frequent reference stopover. It actually unearths all the major daunting elements of grammar, becoming an antidote for the common syntax errors student make unknowingly. And most importantly it handles academic vocabulary, which key to any academic writing assignment. The last part offers writing models, which enshrine the practical use of the skills offered in the entire book. There are those writing models such as CVs, survey reports, letters and essays. The layout and phrasing for these models become handy for those who want to try academic writing in real life. Comparison essay and discussion essay are also illustrated here for those who wish to compare. Any international student wishing to hone his or her writing skills will find this comprehensible guide to academic writing truly indispensable and readily adaptable for both long and short courses. The writing tests and a comprehensive answer key at the end all add to the rich experience you can get from this book. Cross-referencing also comes handy for quick access to information. About the Author: Lily Wilson is a 34 year-old homestay freelance academic writer. Lily runs her personal blog AnAwfulLotofWriting  and works as a contributing academic writer at ThePensters.com.